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BACKGROUND: Mammograms are one of the most effective preventive means for the early detection of breast cancer. OBJECTIVE: To describe the features of patients and results of mammograms performed at a public breast imaging service of the Santiago Metropolitan Area. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed the reports of mammograms performed on 174,017 women and 18 men, between 2008 and 2018 in an Imaging Center. The BI-RADS classification was used in the reports. RESULTS: Forty-six percent of mammograms (75,781) were reported as BI-RADS 2. The high proportion of BI-RADS 4 reports (674 reports) was seen in patients aged 40 to 49 years, corresponding to 30% of reports in this age range. Among patients aged 50 to 59 years, there were 779 BI-RADS 4 reports (35%). BI-RADS 5 reports were more common among patients aged 50 to 59 years (50 reports, 30%) and among patients aged 70 years or older (83 reports, 28%). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a significant number of women between 40 and 49 years of age with a BI-RADS 4 mammography result stands out; being an opportunity to develop new clinical research and public health strategies within the framework of the Universal Health Care policy for breast cancer in Chile.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Breast Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Mammography/methods , Chile/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Prunellae Spica is the dry ear of the labiaceae plant Prunella vulgaris， which is a traditional medicine and food plant with many functions. Prunellae Spica can clear liver-fire， improve eyesight， disperse knot detumescence. It owns hot and bitter flavors and cold property. It goes to the liver， gallbladder meridian， and is a kind of commonly-used antifebric. Prunellae Spica has been used in the treatment of mammary gland diseases since ancient times.The mammary abscess， mammary nodules， mammary carcinoma of traditional Chinese medicine all belong to breast disease， and the liver meridian is most closely related to these diseases. With the development of social life， breast disease has gradually become the most primary health problem for women. Modern pharmacological studies show that Prunellae Spica contains terpenoids， phenolic acids， flavonoids and other biological active components， which have anti-inflammatory， antibacterial， hormone regulation， anti-tumor and other effects. Prunellae Spica inhibits the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p38 MAPK）/nuclear factor kappa-B （NF-κB） pathway to play an anti-mastitis role， interferes with the effects of estrogen receptors or regulates lipid levels to treat breast hyperplasia， and treats breast cancer through promoting the apoptosis of breast cancer cells， inhibiting the migration of breast cancer cells， regulating the division of breast cancer cells and other ways. While referring to the relevant literature， it was found that Prunellae Spica often exerted pharmacological effects through multi-channels and multi-target regulation， but most of the studies did not specify the specific target of its effect， which needs further study. In this review， the effects and mechanisms of Prunellae Spica in the treatment of various breast diseases were summarized， so as to provide a reference for further research on the wider clinical therapeutic effects of Prunella subtilis and its therapeutic effects on breast diseases.
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Breast cancer is among the most common malignancies affecting women and reproductively intact female dogs, resulting in death from metastatic disease if not treated effectively. To better manage the disease progression, canine mammary tumor (CMT) cells derived from malignant canine mammary cancers were fused to autologous dendritic cells (DCs) to produce living hybrid-cell fusion vaccines for canine patients diagnosed with spontaneous mammary carcinoma. The high-speed sorting of rare autologous canine patient DCs from the peripheral blood provides the autologous component of fusion vaccines, and fusion to major histocompatibility complex-unmatched CMT cells were produced at high rates. The vaccinations were delivered to each patient following a surgical resection 3 times at 3-week intervals in combination with immuno-stimulatory oligonucleotides and Gemcitabine adjunct therapy. The immunized patient animals survived 3.3-times longer (median survival 611 days) than the control patients (median survival 184 days) and also appeared to exhibit an enhanced quality of life. A comparison of vaccinated patients diagnosed with inflammatory mammary carcinoma resulted in a very short median survival (42 days), suggesting no effect of vaccination. The data showed that the development of autologous living DC-based vaccine strategies in patient animals designed to improve the management of canine mammary carcinoma can be successful and may allow an identification of the antigens that can be translatable to promote effective immunity in canine and human patients.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Female , Humans , Breast Neoplasms , Breast , Dendritic Cells , Disease Progression , Histocompatibility , Hybrid Cells , Oligonucleotides , Quality of Life , Vaccination , VaccinesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of tryptanthrin on human breast cancer MCF-7 proliferation and MAPK signaling pathway. METHODS: The human breast cancer cell MCF-7 was cultured in vitro, different concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 μmol•L-1 of tryptanthrin and ERK, p38MAPK and JNK pathway inhibitors were used to treat MCF-7 cell for 24, 48 or 72 h. MTT assay was used to detect cell proliferation activity. The expression level of ERK, p-ERK, p38, p-p38, JNK and p-JNK were measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: Low, medium and high doses of tryptanthrin significantly inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. When MCF-7 cells were treated with different concentrations of tryptanthrin for 24, 48, 72 h, the inhibition rate of cell proliferation was correlated with the drug concentration (r=0.904, r=0.793, r=0.770, P<0.05). The 25 μmol•L-1 of tryptanthrin significantly inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 cells for 24 h treatment(P<0.01). The cell proliferation activity of tryptanthrin combined with ERK inhibitor group, tryptanthrin combined with p38 MAPK inhibitor group, tryptanthrin combined with JNK inhibitor group was significantly different from that of tryptanthrin group(P<0.01 or P<0.001); MCF-7 cells was treated with 6.25, 12.5, 25 μmol•L-1 of tryptanthrin, the expression of p-ERK and p-JNK increased significantly(P<0.05 or P<0.01); MCF-7 cells was treated with 25 μmol•L-1 of tryptanthrin, the expression of p-p38 MAPK increased significantly(P<0.05); the expression of ERK, p38 MAPK and JNK did not change significantly. CONCLUSION: Tryptanthrin can inhibit the proliferative activity of MCF-7 cells, and its mechanism may be closely related to the activation of MAPK signaling pathway.
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In view of the fact that cancer is considered a chronic disease that can interfere with hormonal homeostasis by means of cytokines, we hypothesized that, even at early stages, mammary carcinoma is able to alter the balance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes. To test this hypothesis, the serum concentrations of basal cortisol, thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were evaluated in 20 unspayed bitches that had a histopathological diagnosis of grade 1 mammary carcinoma at clinical stage I according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification (T1N0M0). The control animals comprised 10 unspayed bitches in perfect health conditions that were matched with those with mammary carcinoma by age. No significant differences regarding the concentrations of basal cortisol, TSH, t4, and fT4 were found between the bitches carrying early stage mammary carcinoma when compared to the control group. This suggests that, even if malignant, early-stage mammary carcinomas do not exhibit the ability to alter the concentrations of hormones produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal or hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axes.(AU)
Em vista do fato de neoplasias serem consideradas doenças crônicas que por meio de citocinas podem interferir na homeostase hormonal, hipotetizou-se que o carcinoma mamário, mesmo nos seus estádios iniciais, fosse capaz de alterar o equilíbrio dos eixos hipotalâmico-hipofisário-tireóideo e hipotalâmico-hipofisário-adrenal. Para tal, foram avaliadas as concentrações séricas de cortisol basal, tiroxina (T4), tiroxina livre (fT4) e tireotrofina (TSH) de 20 fêmeas caninas, inteiras, com diagnóstico histopatológico de carcinoma mamário grau 1 e estadiamento clínico I segundo a classificação da Organização Mundial da Saúde - OMS (T1N0M0). Os animais controle constituíram-se por 10 fêmeas caninas inteiras, em perfeitas condições de higidez, as quais foram pareadas, por idade, com aquelas portadoras de carcinoma mamário. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas concentrações de cortisol basal, TSH, T4 e fT4 das cadelas portadoras de carcinoma mamário em estádio inicial quando comparadas às controles sugerindo que, mesmo considerados malignos, ainda não apresentam a capacidade de alterar as concentrações dos hormônios produzidos pelos eixos hipotalâmico-hipofisário-adrenal e tireóideo.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Pituitary-Adrenal System , Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/diagnosis , Dogs/blood , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal SystemABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of acupuncture at Zusanli, Sanyinjiao and Danzhong on mammary estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) expressions in rats with dimethylbenzanthracine (DMBA)-induced mammary cancer. Methods One hundred and twenty female SD rats aged 6-8 weeks were randomized into a model group of 60 rats and a blank group of 30 rats. The model group received an oral gavage of DMBA for model making. The blank group received an oral gavage of equal volume of sesame oil. At 15 weeks after model making, the model group of rats was randomized into treatment and control groups. The treatment group received acupuncture at Zusanli, Sanyinjiao and Danzhong, and the control and blank groups, only the same grasp and release. After the completion of acupuncture treatment (twenty-seventh week), abdominal venous blood was taken and serum tumor markers were determined by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Tumor masses were counted and their shapes were recorded. The mass was taken and its height, maximum diameter and vertical diameter were measured using a 1 mm precision vernier caliper. Pathological changes in tumor tissues, and ER and PR positive areas and mean optical densities were observed under an Olympus optical microscope.Results There were statistically significant post-treatment differences in the average number and volume of mammary tumors between the treatment group and the control or blank group (P<0.01,P<0.05) and between the control and blank groups (P<0.01). There were statistically significant post-treatment differences in the concentrations of various tumor markers (CA724, CA125, CA199, AEP, CA15-3, CEA and CA50) between the treatment or control group and the blank group (P<0.01,P<0.05) and between the control and blank groups (P<0.01). There was a statistically significant post-treatment difference in CA15-3 concentration between the treatment and control groups (P<0.01). There were statistically significant post-treatment differences in ER and PR positive areas and mean optical densities between the treatment group and the control or blank group (P<0.01) and between the control and blank groups (P<0.01).Conclusions Acupuncture can reduce the occurrence of rat DMBA-induced mammary tumor (including the number and volumes of the tumors). The mechanism of its action may be related to decreasing the concentrations of tumor markers CA724, CA125, CA199, CA15-3, AEP, CEA and CA50 and especially to decreasing CA15-3 concentration, and ER and PR positive areas and mean optical densities.
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Background: The aim of the current study is to evaluate the anti-tumor activity of saponins isolated from the roots of Momordica cymbalaria (MC) against dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced rats. Methods: A steroidal saponin MC (SMC) was isolated from MC fenzl and purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Breast cancer was induced in 50-day-old female Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting DMBA (6 mg/kg intravenous) in three doses on day 50, 54, and 57. The rats were randomized into four groups; control, DMBA, SMC (100 mg/kg), and tamoxifen (6.6 mg/kg) to DMBA breast cancer rats. The tumor size, volume, hormonal, antioxidant, and whole mount parameters were estimated. Results: Mean tumor size and volume, luteinizing hormone, and progesterone with superoxide dismutases, catalase, and glutathione levels increased significantly (p<0.001); serum estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone with lipid peroxidation decreased significantly (p<0.001) in DMBA-induced breast cancer and vice versa in SMC and tamoxifen. Terminal end buds, terminal ducts, alveolar buds, and lobules decreased significantly (p<0.001) in DMBA-induced breast cancer whereas increased significantly in SMC and tamoxifen. Histological necrosis and hemorrhage along with focal desmoplastic reaction in DMBA-induced breast cancer; ductile elongation and hyperplasia of both ducts and alveoli were prominent, with increased secretory activity in SMC group. The results confirmed the chemopreventive effect of SMC and tamoxifen in DMBA-induced breast cancer. Conclusions: The SMC exhibited anti-tumor activity against mammary cancer, which may be due to its anti-estrogenic, antioxidant activity.
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El consumo de alcohol se asocia con un riesgo incrementado para el cáncer de mama, aumentando linealmente incluso con un consumo moderado y con independencia del tipo de bebida alcohólica. El mecanismo está aún lejos de haberse establecido. Los estudios realizados por este laboratorio sugieren que el acetaldehído producido in situ y acumulado en el tejido mamario podría desempeñar un papel en los eventos mutacionales y de promoción del proceso carcinogénico. Estudios posteriores indicaron la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno, acompañada de la disminución en los contenidos de vitamina E y de glutatión y de la actividad glutatión transferasa. El estrés oxidativo resultante también podría desempeñar un papel relevante en varias etapas del proceso carcinogénico. Por otra parte, está demostrado que los niveles plasmáticos de los estrógenos aumentan significativamente después del consumo de alcohol y que el riesgo de cáncer de mama inducido por beber alcohol guarda mayor relación con los tumores mamarios con receptores de estrógeno (ER)- positivo en comparación con los ER-negativos. Los estrógenos pueden producir cáncer de mama por acciones sobre el ER y también como auténticos carcinógenos químicos, como consecuencia de su oxidación que conduce a metabolitos reactivos. En este trabajo se presenta una hipótesis que integra los efectos del acetaldehído y del estrés oxidativo con los que implica un aumento de los niveles de estrógeno. Se analizan posibles acciones preventivas accesibles.
Alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, increasing linearly even with a moderate consumption and irrespective of the type of alcoholic beverage. The precise mechanism is still far from being established. Studies by this laboratory suggest that acetaldehyde produced in situ and accumulated in mammary tissue because of poor detoxicating mechanisms might play a role in mutational and promotional events. Additional studies indicated the production of reactive oxygen species accompanied by decreases in vitamin E and glutathione contents and of glutathione transferase activity. The resulting oxidative stress might also play a relevant role in several stages of the carcinogenic process. Studies reported in the literature show that plasmatic levels of estrogens significantly increased after alcohol drinking and that breast cancer risk by alcohol is more related to ER-positive tumors than to ER-negative tumors. Estrogens are known to likely produce breast cancer by actions on ER and also act as chemical carcinogens as a result of their oxidation leading to reactive metabolites. In this review, a working hypothesis is introduced, integrating the effects of acetaldehyde and oxidative stress with those involving increased estrogen levels. Potential preventive actions are also analysed.
O consumo de álcool está associado a um risco elevado de câncer de mama aumentando linearmente mesmo com o consumo moderado e independentemente do tipo de bebida alcoólica. O mecanismo está ainda longe de ter-se estabelecido. Estudos realizados por esse laboratório sugerem que o acetaldeído produzido in situ e acumulado no tecido mamário, poderia desempenhar um papel nos eventos mutacionais e de promoção do processo carcinogênico. Estudos posteriores indicaram a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio, juntamente com uma diminuição nos conteúdos de vitamina E e de glutationa e da atividade glutationa transferase. O estresse oxidativo resultante também poderia desempenhar um papel importante em vários passos do processo carcinogênico. Aliás, está demonstrado que os níveis plasmáticos dos estrogênios aumentam significativamente após o consumo de álcool e que o risco de câncer de mama induzido por beber álcool guarda maior relação com os tumores mamários com receptores de estrogênio (ER)-positivo em comparação com os (ER)-negativos. Os estrogênios podem causar câncer de mama por ações sobre o ER e também como autênticos carcinógenos químicos, como resultado de sua oxidação que leva a metabólitos reativos. Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma hipótese que integra os efeitos do acetaldeído e do estresse oxidativo que envolvem um aumento nos níveis de estrogênio. Ações preventivas possíveis também são discutidas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Breast Neoplasms , Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control , Breast Neoplasms/complications , Ethanol , Oxidative StressABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the indication, methods and therapeutic effects of breast-conserving surgery in mammary cancer of early stage. Methods A retrospective study on 28 cases of Ⅰ and Ⅱ stage of breast-conserving surgery was underwent. Results Breast-conserving surgery does not destroy the appearance symmetry of breast, and maintains a low baldness rate. The recurrence rate in 5 years after surgery is 5.3%, and the 5 years' survival rate is 100%. Conclusion Breast-conserving surgery combined with the hinese herbal medicine therapy is an effective and safe way to treat mammary cancer in a early stage.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between the biological characteristics and the expres-sion of stromlysin (MMP-7) and microvessel density (MVD) in breast cancer tissue and the effect of MMP-7 on MVD of breast cancer. Methods 60 fresh samples were obtained from patients with breast cancer,and then the ex-pression of MMP-7 and vascular endothelial cell CD34 were studied by means of immunohistochemical assay (SP method). The relationship between MMP-7, MVD and age, tumor size, histological type, lymph node metastasis and expression of ER, PR, PCNA, p53 and CerbB2 was studied. The relationship between the biological characteristics and the expression of MMP-7 and MVD in breast cancer were evaluated. Results The positive expression rote of MMP-7 in the d>2 cm group,the group with lymph node metastasis,the group with positive expression of PCNA, p53 and C-erbB-2 (78.1%,74.2%,71.8%,67.6% and 72.2%)were all higher than that in the d≤2 cm group, the group without lymph node metastasis,the group without positive expression of PCNA,p53 and C-erbB-2(32.1%, 41.3%,38.1%,38.5% and 33.3%) (P<0.05). MVD was higher in the positive breast cancer tissue of the group of d>2 cm(34.61±6.97), the group with lymph node metastasis (34.37±7.50), PCNA ( 33.24±8.39), p53 (33.28±8.94), C-erbB-2 (33.55±8.57) than in the negative breast cancer tissue of the d≤2 cm group ( 28.60±9.82), the group without lymph node metastasis (27.48±8.66), PCNA (26.88±7.89), p53 (21.71± 7.59),C-erbB-2(27.42±27.69) (P<0.05). MVD(33.62±7.36)/ high power lens in the MMP-7 positive group was higher than that (27.86±9.45)/high power lens in the MMP-7 of negative group(P<0.05). The posi-tive expression of MMP-7 was correlated with MVD (r=0.380, P<0.05). Conclusion The high expression of MMP-7 and MVD is associated with the development and metastasis of breast cancer. MMP-7 could promote the mi-crovessel development in mammary cancer.
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ObjectiveTo study the influence of health education on the quality of life among patients with mammary cancer. Methods Divided 83 patients with mammary cancer into the recovery group (45 cases) and the control group (38 cases) randomly. The health education was used in the recovery group and the routine nursing method was used in the control group, and then using the scale to evaluate the quality of life for the two groups. Results The quality of life in the recovery group was significant better than that of in the control group,P
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Objective: To study the effect of sulforaphane (SUL) on cell growth inhibition, cell cycle, apoptosis and its mechanism in different breast cancer cell lines. Methods: By means of MTT assay, flow cytometry and Western blotting, the effects of the SUL different concentrations on cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, F3Ⅱapoptosis and expression of p34cdc2 and Cdc25C were studied. Results: (1) SUL had strong inhibition effects on the cell growth of tested mammary cancer cell lines, in which the sensitivity of ERP cell lines to SUL was stronger than that of ERN cell line. (2) SUL exhibited obviously G2/M cell cycle arrest to F3Ⅱ and two kinds of ERP cell lines at 5-10?mol/L, whereas no effect on the cell cycle of ERN cell line. (3)The mechanism of hindering transition of F3 Ⅱ cells from G2 phase to M phase was enhancing the phosphorylation of Cdc2, down-regulating the expression of Cdc25C, and inducing inhibition to thedephosphorylation of cyclin B1-Cdc2 complex. (4) No apoptosis was observed under tested conditions. Conclusion: Sulforaphane exhibited obvious differences in the inhibiting effects on the cell proliferation and cell cycle arrests of four different tested breast cancer cell lines, and did not induce apoptosis in F3Ⅱcell line under tested conditions. The mechanism of cell cycle arrest of F3Ⅱcell line appears to involve enhancing the phosphorylation of Cdc2, and down-regulating the expression of Cdc25C.
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Objective To investgate the CR signs of mammary cancer, to raise the cognitions of CR signs of mammary cancer. Methods 56 CR imaging of mammary cancer with confirmed by patholog and intact clinical data were analyzed retrospectively. Results The direct signs of mammary cancer were mass, cluster or needle poin calcification and hair pricking. The indirect signs were abnormal macula structure, local Thickening of skin, crater nipple, thick vessal imaging and choana sign. Conclusion The CR signs of mammary cancer were diversify, the characteristic signs was be seen in many patients. The direct or indirect signs of mammary cancer should be analysed carefully in clinical application for rising rate of diagnosis.
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@#ObjectiveTo observe the effect of early rehabilitation nursing and functional training on patients with mammary cancer after radical mastectomy. Methods58 patients with mammary cancer after radical mastectomy were divided into the treated group (30 cases) and control group (28 cases). Patients of the treated group started receiving rehabilitation nursing, functional training, self-examining training and psychotherapy at 3 days after radical mastectomy, while, patients of the control group received rehabilitation nursing and functional training at 20 days after the operation.ResultsIncidence rates of edema and dysfunction on sick limbs in the treated group were lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions It shows that early rehabilitation nursing and functional training can improve the function of sick limb and patients'living quality.
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Objective: To construct a recombinant adenovirus(rAdCDES) which is capable of both direct and indirect treatment to mammary cancer and enhancement to the antitumor effect of radiation. Methods: A method of homologous recombination in bacteria was used to construct prAdCDglyES. The recombination adenovirus was transfected to 293 cells by liposome, in which rAdCDES was packaged and generated. The growth curve and MTT methods was used to detect the growth inhibition effect of rAdCDES on MCF-7; rAdCDES was directly injected into established MA737 tumors-bearing mice for observing difference in tumor size and survival days of mice and enhancement of the antitumor effect of radiation. Results: The inhibiting rate of rAdCDES on MCF-7 cell was (83. 1?8. 1)% and had significant difference compared with control was (19.2 ? 7.8)% (P
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Objective To observe the effect of herbal medicines with the function of replenish qi and essence for the immune func- tion of patients after mammary cancer operation.Methods The 115 patients of mammary cancer after modified radical operation were randomized into treatment group and control group.The treatment group began to take the decoction of herbal medicines from 7 days before and from the 3rd day after operation.The control group had the same treatment but without taking herbal medicines.The im- mune indices of both groups were tested on the day 7 days before,one day and 14 days after operation respectively.Results In the treatment group,IgA,IgG,IgM were remarkably increased in comparison with the control group 14 days after operation;with the herbal treatment for 2 weeks,CD_4,CD_4/CD_8,IL-2 rised remarkably(P